2Marmara University School of Pharmacy, Biochemistry, Istanbul, Türkiye
3Marmara University School of Medicine, Histology, Istanbul, Türkiye
4Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
5Marmara University School of Medicine, Intern, Istanbul, Türkiye DOI : 10.12991/201115427
Summary
Termal yanık sistemik inflamatuar yanıta ve çoklu organ hasarına neden olur. Bu çalışmada yanığın neden olduğu akciğerdeki oksidan hasara karşı etanerseptin olası koruyucu etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Eter anestezisi altında sıçanların traş edilen sırt bölgeleri 90°C su banyosunda 10 saniye tutularak yanık oluşturulmuştur. Yanıktan hemen sonra ve 24 saat sonra etanersept (1 mg/kg) yada serum fizyolojik uygulaması yapılmıştır. Sıçanlar yanıktan 6 ve 48 saat sonra dekapite edilerek kan ve doku örnekleri alınmıştır. Kan örneklerinde proinflamatuar sitokinler (TNF-α ve IL-1β) ve laktat dehidrojenaz (LDH) aktivitesi, incelenmiştir. Akciğer dokusunda oksidan hasarı değerlendirmek için malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri, myeloperoksidaz (MPO) ve Na+-K+ ATPaz aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Dokular ayrıca histolojik olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Derideki şiddetli yanık (vücut yüzey alanının % 30'u) GSH düzeylerinde ve Na+-K+ ATPaz aktivitesinde anlamlı azalmaya neden olurken MDA ve MPO ise artış göstermiştir. Benzer şekilde serum TNF-α, IL-1β ve LDH düzeyleri yanık grubunda kontrol grubuna göre artmıştır. Etanersept tedavisi ise tüm biyokimyasal parametrelerdeki değişimi geri çevirmiş ve histolojik olarak bulgular desteklenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre etanersept yanığa bağlı pulmoner hasarda antiinflamatuar etki göstererek koruyucu olmuştur.Introduction
Despite considerable progress in the management of burn care, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and multiple organ failure still continue to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Following thermal injury a couple of reactions starts as a chain reaction such as sequestration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, activation of neutrophils and xanthine oxidase system, increase in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, release of free metal ions (e.g. iron) which leads to hydroxyl radical production from hydrogen peroxide via the Fenton reaction, release of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-α; (TNF-α), etc.[, platelet aggregation and other hormonal and metabolical changes[1-4].The release of proinflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the development of immunosuppression which predisposes patients to sepsis and multiple organ failure[5,6]. Normally, TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines are maintained in balance by anti-inflammatory factors while this balance is shifted in favor of the proinflammatory cytokines in inflammatory diseases. Since TNF-α is believed to be the initiating cytokine that induces a cascade of secondary cytokines and humoral factors that can lead to local and systemic sequelae following burn injury, several studies have suggested that this cytokine triggered by the reactive biochemical species, may also contribute to cellular injury[7,8].
TNF is a validated therapeutic target in a number of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis with or without complicating arthritis[9]. On the other hand, etanercept, a biologic inflammation modulator, acts as a competitive inhibitor of the binding of TNF-α to cell-surface TNF receptors and thereby inhibits TNF-α -induced proinflammatory activity in the joints of RA patients. Etanercept acts as a cytokine "carrier" and TNF-α antagonist, rendering TNF-α biologically inactive, even though prolonging its half-life[10].
In the light of above findings, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of etanercept against burn-induced lung injury using biochemical and histopathological approaches.
Methods
AnimalsSpraque Dawley rats of both sexes, weighing 200 to 300 g, were obtained from Marmara University School of Medicine Animal House. The rats were kept at a constant temperature (22 ± 1ºC) with 12 h:12 h light and dark cycles, were fed with standard rat chow and were fasted for 12 h before the experiments, but were allowed free access to water. All experimental protocols were approved by the Marmara University Animal Care and Use Committee.
Thermal injury and experimental design
Under brief ether anesthesia, dorsum of the rats was shaved,
exposed to 90o C water bath for 10 s, which resulted in a second-
degree burn involving 30 % of the total body surface area.
This second-degree burn method was chosen to investigate the
effects of etanercept on remote organ damage. All the animals
were then resuscitated with physiological saline solution (10
ml/kg subcutaneously on the hind limb). Etanercept (Wyeth
Pharmaceutical, İstanbul, Turkey, 1 mg/kg) or saline was administered
intraperitoneally immediately after and at 24th
hour burn injury. In both saline- and etanercept-treated burn
groups, rats were decapitated at 6 h and 48 h following burn
injury. In order to rule out the effects of anesthesia, the same
protocol was applied in the control group, except that the dorsum
was dipped in a 25ºC water bath for 10 s. Each group
consisted of 8 rats.
After decapitation, trunk blood was collected, to assay pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In order to evaluate the presence of oxidant injury in the distant organ, lung tissue samples were taken and stored at –80 ºC for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myelopreoxidase (MPO) and Na+-K+ ATPase activities.
Cytokine assays
Plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were quantified according to
the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits specific for the previously
mentioned rat cytokines (Biosource International, Nivelles,
Belgium). These particular assay kits were selected because
of their high degree of sensitivity, specificity, inter- and
intraassay precision, and small amount of plasma sample required
to conduct the assay. Serum LDH levels[11] were determined
spectrophotometrically using an automated analyzer.
Malondialdehyde and glutathione assays
Tissue samples were homogenized with ice-cold 150 mM KCl
for the determination of MDA and GSH levels. The MDA levels
were assayed for products of lipid peroxidation by monitoring
thiobarbituric acid reactive substance formation as described
previously[12]. Lipid peroxidation was expressed in
terms of MDA equivalents using an extinction coefficient of
1.56 x 105 M–1 cm –1 and results are expressed as nmol MDA/g
tissue. GSH measurements were performed using a modification
of the Ellman procedure[13]. Briefly, after centrifugation
at 3000 rev./min for 10 min, 0.5 ml of supernatant was added
to 2 ml of 0.3 mol/l Na2HPO4.2H2O solution. A 0.2 ml solution
of dithiobisnitrobenzoate (0.4 mg/ml 1% sodium citrate) was
added and the absorbance at 412 nm was measured immediately
after mixing. GSH levels were calculated using an extinction
coefficient of 1.36 x 104 M–1 cm –1. Results are expressed in
μmol GSH/g tissue.
Myeloperoxidase activity
Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme that is found predominantly in
the azurophilic granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMN). Tissue MPO activity is frequently utilized to estimate tissue PMN accumulation in inflamed tissues and correlates
significantly with the number of PMN determined histochemically
in tissues[14]. MPO activity was measured in tissues in
a procedure similar to that documented by Hillegass et al.[15].
Tissue samples were homogenized in 50 mM potassium phosphate
buffer (PB, pH 6.0), and centrifuged at 41,400 g (10 min);
pellets were suspended in 50 mM PB containing 0.5 % hexadecyltrimethylammonium
bromide (HETAB). After three freeze
and thaw cycles, with sonication between cycles, the samples
were centrifuged at 41,400 g for 10 min. Aliquots (0.3 ml) were
added to 2.3 ml of reaction mixture containing 50 mM PB, odianisidine,
and 20 mM H2O2 solution. One unit of enzyme
activity was defined as the amount of MPO present that caused
a change in absorbance measured at 460 nm for 3 min. MPO
activity was expressed as U/g tissue.
Na+-K+-ATPase activity
Measurement of Na+-K+ ATPase activity is based on the measurement
of inorganic phosphate released by ATP hydolysis
during incubation of homogenates with an appropriate medium
containing 3 mM ATP as a substrate. The total ATPase activity
was determined in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM
KCl, 6 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM EDTA, 30 mM Tris HCl (pH 7.4),
while the Mg2+-ATPase activity was determined in the presence
of 1mM ouabain. The difference between the total and the
Mg2+-ATPase activities was taken as a measure of the Na+-K+-
ATPase activity[16,17]. The reaction was initiated with the
addition of the homogenate (0.1 ml) and a 5-min preincubation
period. at 37ºC was allowed. Following the addition of Na2ATP
and a 10- min re-incubation period , the reaction was terminated
by the addition of ice-cold 6 % perchloric acid. The mixture
was then centrifuged at 3500 g, and Pi in the supernatant
fraction was determined by the method of Fiske and Subarrow[18]. The specific activity of the enzyme was expressed as nmol
Pi mg-1 protein h-1. The protein concentration of the supernatant
was measured by the Lowry method[19].
Histopathological analysis
For light microscopic investigations, lung tissue specimens
were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 48 h, dehydrated in an
ascending alcohol series, and embedded in paraffin wax. Approximately
5-μm-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin
and eosin (H&E) for general morphology. Histological assessments
were made with a photomicroscope (Olympus BX
51; Tokyo) by an experienced histologist who was unaware of
the experimental groups.
Statistics
Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 3.0
(GraphPad Software, San Diego; CA; USA). All data were expressed
as means ± SEM. Groups of data were compared with
an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple
comparison tests. Values of p<0.05 were regarded as significant.
Results
In the saline-treated burn groups, serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels in both early (6 h) and late (48 h) phases of the injury were significantly increased when compared to control group ( p< 0.001) while these elevations were abolished in etanercepttreated burn groups (p<0.01-0.001; Fig. 1b and 1c). Similarly, serum LDH activity showed a significant increase in the burn groups that received saline treatment (p<0.001), indicating generalized tissue damage, and this effect was not observed in the groups with etanercept treatment (p <0.01-0.001 Fig. 1a).
Click Here to Zoom |
FIGURE 1: Plasma a) TNF-α, b) IL-1β, and c) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the control and saline -or etanercept- treated burn groups at 6 and 48 h following burn injury. ***: p< 0.001 versus control group; ++: p <0.01, +++: p <0.001 versus saline treated-burn group. For each group n=8. |
Lipid peroxidation in the tissues was expressed as MDA levels. MDA levels in the lung tissues of the saline-treated burn group were found to be significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.01), while treatment with etanercept reversed burn-induced elevations in MDA back to the control levels in both 6h and 48h phases (p < 0.01; Fig. 2b). On the other hand, burn injury caused significant decreases (p<0.001) in GSH levels of the lung tissues, compared with the control group. However, etanercept treatment inhibited the depletion of GSH stores (p < 0.001) (Fig. 2a). As an indicator of tissue neutrophil infiltration, the MPO activities were significantly higher ( p < 0.001) in lung tissues of the 6 and 48 h burn groups than those in the control group, while treatment with etanercept prevented these alterations in both groups.(p < 0.01; Fig. 3a).
Click Here to Zoom |
FIGURE 2: a) Glutathione (GSH), b) Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the lung tissues of control and saline -or etanercept- treated burn groups at 6 and 48 h following burn injury. **: p< 0.01, ***: p< 0.001 versus control group; ++: p <0.01, +++: p <0.001 versus saline treated-burn group. For each group n=8. |
Click Here to Zoom |
FIGURE 3: a) Myeloperoxidase (MPO), b) Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the lung tissues of control and saline -or etanercept- treated burn groups at 6 and 48 h following burn injury. ***: p< 0.001 versus control group; ++: p <0.01, +++: p <0.001 versus saline treated-burn group. For each group n=8. |
Na+-K+-ATPase activities measured in the lung tissues were reduced in the saline-treated rats (p < 0.001), indicating impaired transport function in these tissues (Fig. 3b). However, in the etanercept-treated burned rats, the measured Na+-K+- ATPase activities in the studied tissues were not different than those of the control rats (p < 0.01-0.001).
Histological analysis revealed that burn trauma led to severe degeneration in lung tissue. Both 6-h and 48-hours of burn-induced groups (Fig.4b and 4c respectively) showed a diffuse interstitial edema and congestion more prominent in 48 hours, when compared with control group (Fig. 4a) where regular alveolar structure is present. The alveolar structure was disorganized and showed a severe detachment of alveolar cells in 48 hours, in some regions the alveoli united with each other resulting with large distented alveolar spaces. In etanercepttreated 6-h burn group, reduced interstitial edema and congestion besides maintained alveolar edema (Fig. 4d) was observed. Etanercept-treated 48-h burn group showed prominent reduction in both interstitial edema, congestion and the alveolar structure appeared to gain its integrity (Fig. 4e).
Click Here to Zoom |
FIGURE 4: Lung: A) control group, regular alveolar (*) morphology; B) salinetreated 6-h burn group, moderate edema and inflammation in interstitium (arrows), mild deterioration of alveoli (*); C) saline-treated 48-h burn group interstitial edema and congestion (arrow) besides severe alveolar degeneration (*) note the detachment of alveoli (insert,*); D) etanercept-treated 6-h burn group, regeneration of alveoli (*), moderate congestion and inflammation (arrow); E) etanercept-treated 48-h burn group, reconstitution of alveolar morphology (*,**) besides mild interstitial edema and congestion (arrows). |
Reference
1) Parihar A, Parihar MS, Milner S, Bhat S. Oxidative stress
and anti-oxidative mobilization in burn injury. Burns
2008;34:6-17.
2) Damtew B, Marino JA, Fratianne RB, Spagnuolo PJ.
Neutrophil lipoxygenase metabolism and adhesive
function following acute thermal injury. J Lab Clin Med
1993;121:328-36.
3) Kataranovski M, Magić Z, Pejnović N. Early inflammatory
cytokine and acute phase protein response under the
stress of thermal injury in rats. Physiol Res 1999;48:473-82.
4) Yamashita Y, Jeschke MG, Wolf SE. Differential expression
of hepatocyte growth factor in liver, kidney, lung, and
spleen following burn in rats. Cytokine 2000;12:1293-8.
5) Meakins JL. Etiology of multiple organ failure. J Trauma
1990;30:S165–8.
6) Baue AE, Durham R, Faist E. Systemic inflammatory
response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction
syndrome (MODS), multiple organ failure (MOF): are
we winning the battle? Shock 1998;10:79–89).
7) Cain BS, Meldrum DR, Dinarello CA, Meng X, Joo KA,
Banerjee A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-
1b synergistically depress human myocardial
function. Crit Care Med 1999;27: 1309-18.
8) Giroir B, Horton JW, White DJ, McIntyre KL, Lin CQ.
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor prevents myocardial
dysfunction during burn shock. Am J Physiol 1994; 267:
H118-24.
9) Taylor PC. Pharmacology of TNF blockade in rheumatoid
arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010;10:308-15.
10) Goldenberg MM. Etanercept, a novel drug for the treatment
of patients with severe, active rheumatoid arthritis.
Clin Ther 1999;21:75-87.
11) Martinek RG. A rapid ultraviolent spectrophotomeetric
lactic dehydrogenase assay. Clin Chem Acta 1972;40:91–9.
12) Beuge JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation.
Methods Enzymol 1978;52:302–11.
13) B eutler E. Glutathione. In: Red blood cell metabolism.
A Manuel of Biochemical Methods, Grune and Stratton,
New York, NY.1975:112–14.
14) Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christersen RD, Rothstein G.
Measurement of cutaneous inflammation. Estimation of
neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. J Invest Dermatol
1982;78:206-9.
15) Hillega ss LM, Griswold DE, Brickson B, Albrightson-
Winslow C. Assessment of myeloperoxidase activity in
whole rat kidney. J Pharmacol Methods 1990; 24: 285-95.
16) K im YK, Lee SH, Goldinger JM, Hong SK. Effect of ethanol
on organic ion transport in rabbit kidney. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol 1986;86:411-20.
17) Reading HW, Isbir T. The role of cation activated ATPase
in transmitter release from the art iris. Q J Exp Physiol
Cogn Med Sci 1980;65:105-16.
18) F iske CH, SubbaRow Y. The colorimetric determination
of phosphorus. J Biol Chem 1925;66:375–400.
19) Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein
measurements with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol
Chem 1951;193:265-75.
20) Teodorczyk-Injeyan J A, Sparkes B G, Mills G B, Peters
W J, Falk R E. Impairment of T cell activation in burn patients:
a possible mechanism of thermal injury induced
immunosuppression. Clin Exp Immunol 1986;65:570-81.
21) Pruitt B A. Jr. Infection and the burn patient. Br JSurg
1990;77, 1081-2.
22) O’Sullivan ST, O’Connor T P Immunosuppression following
thermal injury: the pathogenesis of immunodysfunction.
Br J Plast Surg 1997; 50: 615-23.
23) Horton JW. Free radicals and lipid peroxidation mediated
injury in burn trauma: the role of antioxidant therapy.
Toxicology 2003;189:75–88.
24) Ravage ZB, Gomez HF, Czermak BJ, Watkins SA, Till
GO. Mediators of microvascular injury in dermal burn
wounds. Inflammation 1998;22:619-29.
25) Yeh FL, Lin WL, Shen HD. Changes in circulating levels
of an anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 in
burned patients. Burns 2000;26:454-9.
26) Wang G, Tian J, Tang H, Zhu S, Huan J, Ge S, Xia Z. (The
role of Kupffer cells on the postburn production of TNFalpha,
IL-1beta and IL-6 in severely scalded rats). Zhonghua
Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2002;18:282-4.
27) Toklu HZ, Tunali-Akbay T, Erkanli G, Yuksel M, Ercan
F, Sener, G. Silymarin, the antioxidant component of Silybum
marianum, protects against burn induced oxidative
skin injury. Burns 2007;33:908-16.
28) Reiter RJ , Tan DX, Manchester LC, Qi W. Biochemical reactivity
of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species. A review of the evidence. Cell Biochem Biophys
2001;34:237-56.
29) Yilmaz M, Topsakal S, Herek O, Ozmen O, Sahinduran
S, Buyukoglu T, et al. Effects of etanercept on sodium
taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Transl
Res 2009;154:241-9.
30) Genovese T, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Esposito E, Di Paola
R, Muià C, et al. Combination of dexamethasone and
etanercept reduces secondary damage in experimental
spinal cord trauma. Neuroscience 2007;150:168-81.
31) Gu Q, Yang XP, Bonde P, DiPaula A, Fox-Talbot K,
Becker LC. Inhibition of TNF-alpha reduces myocardial
injury and proinflammatory pathways following
ischemia-reperfusion in the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
2006;48:320-8.
32) Sabry A, Wafa I, El-Din AB, El-Hadidy AM, Hassan
M. Early markers of renal injury in predicting outcome
in thermal burn patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl
2009;20:632-8.
33) Pintaudi AM, Tesoriere L, D’Arpa N, D’Amelio L,
D’Arpa D, Bongiorno A, et al. Oxidative stress after
moderate to extensive burning in humans. Free Radic
Res. 2000;33:139-46.
34) Sener G, Kabasakal L, Cetinel S, Contuk G, Gedik N,
Yeğen BC. Leukotriene receptor blocker montelukast
protects against burn-induced oxidative injury of the
skin and remote organs. Burns 2005;31:587-96.
35) Sener G, Sehirli AO, Gedik N, Dülger GA. Rosiglitazone,
a PPAR-gamma ligand, protects against burn-induced
oxidative injury of remote organs. Burns 2007;33:587-93.
36) Koksel O, Ozdulger A, Tamer L, Cinel L, Ercil M, Degirmenci
U, et al. Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester
on lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rats. Pulm
Pharmacol Ther 2006;19:90-5.
37) Koksel O, Kaplan MB, Ozdulger A, Tamer L, Degirmenci
U, Cinel L, et al. Oleic acid-induced lung injury in rats
and effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Exp Lung Res
2005;31:483-96.
38) Rodrigo R, Trujillo S, Bosco C, Orellana M, Thielemann L,
Araya J. Changes in (Na + K)-adenosine triphosphatase
activity and ultrastructure of lung and kidney associated
with oxidative stress induced by acute ethanol intoxication.
Chest 2002;121:589-96.