Summary
Antiviral, antikanser ve antimikobakteriyel aktivite göstermesi beklenen bir seri yeni sülfonamidoindol türevi tasarlanmış ve sentez edilmiştir. Bu amaçla 3-fenil-5-sülfonamido-1H-indol-2-karbohidrazidin (5) sodyum nitrit ve hidroklorik asitle tepkimesinden kazanılan 3-fenil-5-sülfonamido-1H-indol-2-karbonil azit (6) susuz etanollü ortamda ısıtılarak 3-fenil-5-sülfonamido-1H-indol-2-karbamik asit etil ester (7) oluşturulmuştur. 7 nin hidrazinolizi ile kazanılan 4-(3-fenil-5-sülfonamido-1H-indol-2-il)semikarbazid in (8) aromatik aldehitlerle kondensasyonundan 4-(3-fenil-5- sülfonamido-1H-indol-2-il)-1-(non)sübstitüe benziliden semikarbazidler (9) elde edilmiştir. Sentezlenen 9a-c, 9e, 9f ve 9h bileşiklerinin CRFK, VERO, HEL ve HeLa hücre kültürlerinde bazı DNA ve RNA virüslerine karşı etkileri incelenmiş, bileşiklerin çoğunda %50 sitotoksik konsantrasyon veya minimum sitotoksik konsantrasyon altında değişen düzeylerde inhibisyon gözlenmiş ancak hiçbir türev sitotoksik konsantrasyonun 5 kat altında ya da daha düşük efektif antiviral konsantrasyon sergilememiştir. Amerikan Ulusal Kanser Enstitüsü tarafından seçilen 9e ve 9f bileşiklerinde antikanser aktivite araştırılmış, ön denemede en yüksek sitotoksisiteyi 9e nin lösemi SR hücre dizisi (%55.48) ve kolon kanseri LM-12 hücre dizisine (%41.99) karşı gösterdiği saptanmıştır. 9a-e, 9g ve 9h bileşiklerinde Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ye karşı 100 μg/ml derişimde microplate alamar blue (MABA) yöntemiyle antimikobakteryel etki araştırılmış, ancak etki saptanmamıştır.Introduction
Viral diseases, cancer and although a curable and a preventable disease tuberculosis are continuing to cause serious morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advances especially in antiviral and anticancer therapy, search for new agents continues in the attempt to develop drugs capable of overcoming toxicity and resistance. Delavirdine (I), methisazone (II) and sunitinib (III) are among indole derived drugs that are being used for the treatment of viral or neoplastic diseases[1,2]. A thiosemicarbazone, thiacetazone (IV) is an antitubercular agent[2].Several indoles were found to be effective as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIVrt) or histone deacetylase, inhibition of which might offer new therapies for AIDS and malignant cell growth[3-6]. Furthermore, indole-2-carboxyclic acid benzylidene hydrazides were reported to be potent inducers of apoptosis[7]. Very recently, derivatives of 5-sulfonamido-3-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide were found to be inhibitors of tumor associated isoforms IX and XII of carbonic anhydrase and mycobacterial β-carbonic anhydrases[8,9].
A series of investigations on 1H-indole-2,3-dione- 3-thiosemicarbazones and variously substituted semicarbazones revealed promising antiviral, cytotoxic and antimycobacterial properties where the antiviral effect was attributed to the presence of an intact NHC(=S)NH or NHC(=O)NH grouping[10-13].
In view of these observations, we report here the synthesis, structural determination and antiviral, anticancer and antimycobacterial evaluation of 4-(3-phenyl-5-sufonamido-1H-indol- 2-yl)-1-(un)substituted benzylidenesemicarbazides .
Methods
Sulfanilamide[1], ethyl 2-benzyl-3-oxobutanoate and the aromatic aldehydes were commercially available. 2-5 were synthesized as previously reported[14]. M.p.'s were determined on a Büchi 530 or a Büchi 540 apparatus in open capillaries and are uncorrected. Elemental analyses were performed on a Carlo Erba 1106 or Thermo Finnigan Flash EA 1112 elemental analyzer. IR (KBr) and 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) spectra were run on Perkin Elmer 1600 FT-IR, Bruker AC 200 (200 MHz) and VarianUNITY INOVA (500 MHz) instruments. (bs=broad/singlet, ind.=indole, ar.= aromatic)
3-Phenyl-5-sulfonamido-1H-indole-2-carbonyl azide[6]
To a suspension of 5 (0.01 mol) in dioxane (10 ml) and acetic
acid (10 ml) sodium nitrite (0.70 g) in water (3 ml) was added
dropwise with stirring at 0-5 ºC. A pale yellow solid separated
out immediately and stirring continued for 20 minutes more.
The crude azide separated was filtered, washed successively
with ice-cold water (10 ml) and dioxane (5 ml), dried and used
without further purification.
N-(3-phenyl-5-sufonamido-1H-indol-2-yl)carbamic acid
ethyl ester[7]
A mixture of 6 (0.005 mol) and absolute ethanol (40 ml) was
heated on a water bath under until dissolution. The reaction
mixture was refluxed for 5 h in a mantle, cooled and left aside
to stand overnight. Evaporation of the solvent under vacuum
and cooling afforded 7 as a yellow solid which was used without
further purification.
4-[3-Phenyl-5-sulfonamido-1H-indol-2-yl]semicarbazide[8]
7 (0.005 mol) was refluxed in 2.5 ml of hydrazine (98%) for 3 h.
The precipitate formed after cooling was filtered, washed with
ethanol (96%).
IR υ = 3377, 3300 (N-H), 1672 (C=O), 1306,1151 (SO2) cm-1 . ¹HNMR δ = 11.69 (s, 1H, NH ind.), 8.06 (bs, 1H, N2-H), 7.96 (s, 1H, C4-H ind.), 7.59 (d J= 8.9 Hz, 1H, C6-H ind.) 7.51-7.54 (m, 4H ar), 7.47 (dd J= 8.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H, C7-H ind.) 7.30-7.43 (m, 1H ar), 7.02 (s, 2H, SO2NH2), 4.59 (bs, 2H, NH2) ppm.
4-(3-Phenyl-5-sufonamido-1H-indol-2-yl)-1-(un)substituted
benzylidenesemicarbazides[9]
8 ( 0.0025 mol) and an appropriate aromatic aldehyde (0.0025
mol) was refluxed in 25 mL of abs. EtOH (96%) for 5 h. The
solid that separated was filtered and washed with hot ethanol
(96%).
9a: IR υ = 3377, 3254, 3138 (N-H), 1695 (C=O), 1627 (C=N), 1316, 1149 (SO2) cm-1 . - ¹H-NMR δ = 11.85 (s, 1H, NH ind.), 11.17 (s, 1H, N2-H), 9.30 (s, 1H, N4-H), 8.07 (s, 1H, N=CH), 7.97 (s, 1H, C4-H ind.), 7.64-7.69 (m, 4H ar), 7.54-7.61 (m, 4H ar), 7.36-7.44 (m, 4H ar), 7.08 (s, 2H, SO2NH2) ppm.
9d: IR υ = 3389, 3245 (N-H), 1697 (C=O), 1627 (C=N), 1323, 1156 (SO2) cm-1 - ¹H-NMR δ = 11.82 (s, 1H, NH ind.), 11.15 (s, 1H, N2-H), 9.28 (s, 1H, N4-H), 8.09 (s, 1H, N=CH), 7.96 (s, 1H, C4-H ind.), 7.35-7.74 (m, 11H ar), 7.05 (s, 2H, SO2NH2) ppm.
9e: IR υ = 3381, 3256, 3209, 3138 (NH), 1694 (C=O), 1628 (C=N), 1315, 1149 (SO2) cm-1 - ¹H-NMR δ = 11.80 (s,1H,NH ind.), 11.10 (s, 1H, N2-H), 9.22 (s, 1H, N4-H), 8.07 (s, 1H, N=CH), 7.95 (s, 1H, C4-H ind.), 7.20-7.66 (m, 11H, ar), 7.03 (s, 2H, SO2NH2), 2.34(s, 3H, CH3) ppm.
9g : IR υ = 3359, 3253, 3210, 3136 (N-H), 1691 (C=O), 1628 (C=N), 1319, 1148 (SO2) cm-1 - ¹H-NMR δ = 11.78 (s, 1H, NH ind.), 10.98 (s, 1H, N2-H), 9.24 (s, 1H, N4-H), 8.07 (s, 1H, N=CH), 7.92 (s, 1H, C4-H ind.), 7.53-7.65 (m, 8H, ar), 7.36-7.43 (m, 1H, ar), 7.03 (s, 2H, SO2NH2), 6.98 (d J= 8.7 Hz, 2H, ar), 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH3) ppm.
9h : IR υ = 3398, 3376, 3239 (NH), 1702 (C=O), 1625 (C=N), 1569 (NO2), 1345, 1324 (SO2/NO2), 1158 (SO2) cm-1 - ¹H-NMR δ = 11.84 (s, 1H, NH ind.), 11.35 (s, 1H, N2-H), 9.36 (s, 1H, N4-H), 8.27 (s, 1H, N=CH), 8.22 (s, 1H, C4-H ind.), 8.09 (d J= 7.3 Hz, 2H, ar), 7.98 (d J= 7.30 Hz, 2H, ar), 7.51-7.66 (m, 6H, ar), 7.33- 7.46 (m, 1H, ar), 7.05 (s, 2H, SO2NH2) ppm.
Results
The key intermediate 3-phenyl-5-sulfonamido-1H-indole-2- carbohydrazide[5] was prepared using a previously described method as outlined in Scheme 1[14]. Thus 2, obtained from the reaction of 1 with NaNO2 and HCl, was reacted with ethyl 2-benzyl-3-oxobutanoate to afford 3 via the Japp-Klingemann reaction. The Fischer-indole procedure was employed to cyclize 3 into ethyl 3-phenyl-5-sulfonamido-1H-indole-2-carboxylate[4]. Subsequent exposure of 4 to an excess of hydrazine hydrate yielded 5.
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SCHEME 1: Reagents and conditions: (i) NaNO2/HCl, 0-5°C (ii) ethyl-2-benzyl-3- oxobutanoate, KOH, H2O (iii) HCl (37%), reflux (iv) NH2NH2 (98%), reflux. |
Further treatment of 5 with NaNO2/HCl yielded 3-phenyl-5- sufonamido-1H-indole-2-carbonyl azide[6][15]. Refluxing 6 with absolute ethanol led to N-(3-phenyl-5-sufonamido-1H-indol-2-yl)carbamic acid ethyl ester[7] via a rearrangement reaction[15]. Hydrazinolysis of 7 gave 4-(3-phenyl-5-sufonamido- 1H-indol-2-yl)semicarbazide[8] which was condensed with aromatic aldehydes to afford 4-(3-phenyl-5-sufonamido- 1H-indol-2-yl)-1-(un)substituted benzylidenesemicarbazides[9] (Scheme 2 and Table 1)[15,16].
TABLE 1: Physicochemical data of 8 and 9
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SCHEME 2: Reagents and conditions: (i) NaNO2/HCl, 0-5°C (ii) abs. C2H5OH, reflux (iii) NH2NH2 (98%), reflux (iv) RC6H4CHO, abs. C2H5OH , reflux. |
Compounds 8 and 9 were characterized by their combustion analyses, melting points and spectral data. The IR spectra of compounds 8 and 9 showed NH stretching bands of the indole ring, semicarbazide, semicarbazone and sulfonamide groups at 3398-3136 cm-1[14-18]. The presence of the carbonyl functionality was confirmed by the bands observed in the 1702-1672 cm-1 region[14-18]. The C=N stretching band of compounds 9a-h occurred at 1628-1625 cm-l. Strong absorption bands observed in the 1345-1306 cm-1 and 1158-1148 cm-l regions were attributed to the asymmetric and symmetric SO2 stretching vibrations of the sulfonamide group[14,16].
The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 8 displayed the N-H, C4- H, C6-H and C7-H protons of the indole ring at 11.69 and 7.96, 7.59 and 7.47 ppm, respectively. Broad resonances observed at 8.06 and 4.59 ppm were assigned to the N2-H and N1-H of the semicarbazide[15]. N4-H was not observed presumably due to deuterium exchange with DMSO-d6. The SO2NH2 protons resonated at 7.02 ppm. The indole NH, N2-H, N4-H and the azomethine proton (N=CH) of 9a, 9d, 9e, 9g and 9h exhibited the expected singlets at 11.85-11.78, 11.35-10.98, 9.36-9.22 and 8.27-8.02 ppm, respectively[14-18]. The SO2NH2 protons resonated at 7.08-7.03 ppm[14,16]. All the other protons were observed in the expected regions.
Compounds 9a-c, 9e, 9f and 9h were evaluated against feline corona virus (FIPV), feline herpes virus (FHV) in Crandell- Rees feline kidney (CRFK), parainfluenza-3 virus, rheovirus-1, sindbis virus, coxsackie virus B4, punto toro virus in VERO, herpes simplex virus-1 (KOS)(HSV-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (G)(HSV-2), vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus-1 TK KOS ACV in human embroyonic lung (HEL) and vesicular stomatitis virus, coxsackie virus B4 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cell cultures. As can be seen in Tables 2 and 3, most of the compounds showed varying degrees of inhibition below 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) or minumum cytotoxic concentration (MCC), but no specific antiviral effects (i.e. minimal antivirally effective concentration ≥5-fold lower than minimal cytotoxic concentration) were noted for any of the compounds against any of the viruses.
TABLE 2: Antiviral evaluation of 9a-9c, 9e, 9f and 9h
TABLE 3: Antiviral evaluation of 9a-9c, 9e, 9f and 9h
Compounds 9e and 9f were selected for anticancer screening by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and screened against 60 different human tumor cell lines, representing leukemia, melanoma and cancers of the lung, colon, brain, ovary, breast, prostate, and kidney at a single dose of 10-5 M[19]. 9e demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity (55.48%) against leukemia cell line SR and colon cancer cell line KM-12 (41.99%) in the primary screen conducted at 10-5 M (Figure 2). 9f displayed the highest cytotoxicity against non small cell lung cancer cell line HOP-92 (30.46 %). 9a-e, 9g and 9h were screened for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the microplate alamar blue assay (MABA), but none showed inhibition at 100 μg/ml 20.
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FIGURE 2: Cytotoxic activity of 9e against leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer and colon cancer cell lines. The One-dose data is reported as a mean graph of the percent growth of treated cells The growth percent is growth relative to the no-drug control, and relative to the time zero number of cells. |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven,
Belgium, the Drug Research and Development Division of Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA and the Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Acquisition and Coordinating
Facility (TAACF) of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases for the biological activity tests.
This work was supported by The Research Fund of Istanbul University (Project Number 674/301194).
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