Nanobiomaterials can be composed of organic (nanoparticles, dendrimers, cyclodextrins, liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles), inorganic (metallics, bimetallics, and metal oxides, ceramics and silicates), carbon-based (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, carbon-based quantum dots), or composite-based materials in various morphologies of size and shape [7].
The composition of nanobiomaterials encompasses the core of the material, its shell, and any surface modifications. Generally, the first property to be modified for biocompatibility and reduced cytotoxicity is the chemical composition of nanobiomaterials [7].
Nanobiomaterials are used as reservoir of the drugs for prolonged or extended delivery. Therapeutics- drug and gene delivery systems include metallic, inorganic, organic/carbon, protein/peptide, polymeric and lipid, polymeric-lipid hybrid and biologically directed (virus) nanobiomaterials. These nanobiomaterials can be capable to provide a unique solution to overcome the limitations of existing conventional drug delivery systems, which include low bioavailability, nontargeting and potential toxicity [8].
The surface modification/functionalization of nanobiomaterials received significant attention in the treatment of cancers. Nazlı and Gedik are preparing various dendrimeric formulations of oxaliplatin and investigating their properties. First of all, the solubility enhancement capabilities of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G3.5 and PAMAM G4.5 dendrimers were investigated. The results showed that oxaliplatin solubility mostly increasing linearly with dendrimer concentration. Additionally, the increase was more notable in PAMAM G4.5 dendrimers. Then, drug–dendrimer complexes were prepared in different mediums, since the medium used can affect the amount of drug-loaded to dendrimers. PAMAM G3.5 conjugate was further evaluated for the cytotoxicity test. The IC50 value of PAMAM G3.5 conjugate was found as 0.72 μM. For unmodified oxaliplatin, this value was 14.03 μM. As a result, a dendrimer-based drug delivery system that has been found promising for further improvement has been developed successfully [9].
The peptide based nanobiomaterials can incorporate the small hydrophobic molecules like lipophilic drugs and to be easily functionalized with targeting moeity. İn a present study Gedik et al. aimed to develop anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) drug delivery systems that long-term sustained release using dendrimer technology and to evaluate its possible cytotoxic effects on the retina pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and the irritation potential by Hen’s Egg Test on a chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) analysis. The drug carrier gel formulation was prepared by adding hyaluronic acid (HA) after bevacizumab (BEV) was complexed with poly-L-lysine (PLL) dendrimer. Prolonged BEV release from formulations has been observed for up to 21 days. The loading efficiency (LE) of the complex formulation was found 79.04%. The formulation’s kinetic behavior was determined by the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The formulations did not cause any irritation. According to the results obtained, gel formulation was innovative, effective and suitable for treatment [10].
Nanobiomaterial stability and toxicity are some of the important aspects of nanomedicine that need to be studied. With the lack of information in this area, near future biomedical and clinical requirements include more studies to improve clarity overregulation for the clinical use of nanobiomaterials. This results in the global issue of lack of formal regulation and the regulatory authorities in different countries have come to very different conclusions regarding what is acceptable and not, in nanomedicine and nano-medical devices [7].
Keywords : Nanomaterials, nanobiomaterials, nanotechnology, dendrimers, drug delivery